learn, solve problems, and achieve goals under uncertain and varying conditions. The field encompasses a range of methodologies and application areas, including machine learning (ML), natural language processing, and robotics.

In the past decade or so, increased computing power, the accumulation of big data, and advances in AI techniques have led to rapid growth in AI research and applications. Given these developments and the increasing application of AI technologies across economic sectors, stakeholders from academia, industry, and civil society have called for the federal government to become more knowledgeable about AI technologies and more proactive in considering public policies around their use.

Federal activity addressing AI accelerated during the 115th and 116th Congresses. President Donald Trump issued two executive orders, establishing the American AI Initiative (E.O. 13859) and promoting the use of trustworthy AI in the federal government (E.O. 13960). Federal committees, working groups, and other entities have been formed to coordinate agency activities, help set priorities, and produce national strategic plans and reports, including an updated National AI Research and Development Strategic Plan and a Plan for Federal Engagement in Developing Technical Standards and Related Tools in AI. In Congress, committees held numerous hearings, and Members introduced a wide variety of legislation to address federal AI investments and their coordination; AI-related issues such as algorithmic bias and workforce impacts; and AI technologies such as facial recognition and deepfakes. At least four laws enacted in the 116th Congress focused on AI or included