Business complexity and requirements have been increasing in the manufacturing industry through intense competition, a turbulent market environment, increased demand for customised products, and shortened product life cycles. These challenges have been met with a range of production strategies, most recently with the development of Industry 4.0. The concept was first proposed by Kagermann et al. (referenced by Stock and Seliger 2016) and published by the German National Academy of Science and Engineering in 2013. The concepts and topics were further developed by Public Private Partnership and promoted by the Industrial Internet Consortium (Stock and Seliger 2016). Industry3.0 focuses on process automation on an individual basis; whereas Industry 4.0 digitises and integrates end-to-end processes with its supply chain partners. It is based on smart factories, smart products and smart services through technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Services (IoS) (Lasi et al. 2014).

由于激烈的竞争、动荡的市场环境、对定制产品的需求增加以及产品生命周期的缩短，制造业的业务复杂性和需求不断增加。这些挑战已经通过一系列的生产策略来应对，最近随着工业4.0的发展。这个概念首先由Kagermann等人提出。（Stock和Seliger 2016引用），2013年由德国国家科学与工程院出版。这些概念和主题由公私合作伙伴关系进一步发展，并由工业互联网联盟（Stock and Seliger 2016）推动。“工业3.0”侧重于单个过程的自动化；而工业4.0则将端到端流程数字化并与其供应链合作伙伴集成。它以智能工厂、智能产品和智能服务为基础，通过物联网（IoT）和服务互联网（IoS）（Lasi等人。2014年）。