This report stems from the collaborative effort of a core team led by RobertaGatti and including Kathryn Andrews, Ciro Avitabile, Ruben Conner, JigyasaSharma, and Andres Yi Chang. Chapter 2 of the report draws significantly ona Policy Research Working Paper, “The Realities of Primary Care: Variation inQuality of Care Across Nine Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Andrews et al.(2021). The team is grateful to Michael Crawford for the box on language ofinstruction; to Melissa Adelman for describing the Service Delivery Indicators(SDI) experience in the Democratic Republic of Congo; to Rija Andriantavison,Maud Juquois, Anna Olefir, and Adria Rakotoarivony for the description of theSDI experience in health and education in Madagascar; to Pamela Mulet forthe impacts of SDI data in Niger; to Nicola Dehnen for her contributions tothe early stages of the education analysis; and to Sebastian Insfran and JuanMejalenko for analytical support. Sebastian Insfran also coauthored the technicalappendixes. Alexander Irwin provided excellent editorial support. NicolaDehnen and Shuqiao Sun read the draft report carefully and provided detailedfeedback.