The Authors thank Ashley Moore, U.S. Agency for Global Media; Brandie Nonnecke, University of California-Berkeley; Brian Drake, Defense Intelligence Agency; David Bray, Atlantic Council; David Kuehn, Department of Transportation; Helen Toner, Center for Security and Emerging Technology; Jessica Young, Office of Science and Technology Policy; John Stockton, Quantifind; Leo Meister, Department of Health and Human Services; Lynne Parker, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Michael Kanaan, USAF Accelerator; Rama Elluru, National Security Commision on Artificial Intelligence; and Shankar Rao, Enlitic for providing valuable feedback on earlier drafts of this report. Their assistance does not imply any endorsement of this report’s contents or recommendations.

DIU collaborated with members of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) on this work. The SEI serves the nation as a not-for-profit, Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), specifically established by the DoD to focus on software and cybersecurity. The SEI currently leads a community-wide movement to mature the discipline of AI Engineering for Defense and National Security. Based at Carnegie Mellon University, the SEI is a global research university annually rated among the best for computer science and engineering programs.