Results from the 2020 census confirmed that New York City’s population grew significantly in the decade up to 2020, by 629,000. Spurred by a long economic boom, the city’s population growth happened via natural increase, the excess of births over deaths. Contrary to the Census Bureau’s pre-census population estimates, which had projected significant population drops at the end of the decade due to growing net out-migration, about the same number of people migrated to the city, either domestically or internationally, as left during the decade. The census also revealed unexpectedly large housing gains for NYC during 2010–20, exceeding the amount of net new construction—completions minus demolitions—reported by the city between 2010 and 2020. The difference in the two sets of numbers may have resulted from better census-taking, methodological differences in counting housing completions, or construction without  ermits. However, even the census-reported housing growth was not sufficient to alleviate the city’s chronic housing shortage because the population continues to grow.