Among the top 27 vaccine manufacturing economies, Switzerland has the lowest average applied most-favoured-nation (MFN) tariff at 1.5 per cent for vaccine production inputs.

Iran and Cuba have the highest applied MFN tariff at 11.9 per cent and 10.3 per cent,respectively.

Using criteria of at least 5 per cent tariff for the product group as a "choke point" level,Argentina, India and Iran have all 13 product groups of vaccine inputs which can be considered sensitive/critical at varying levels, depending on the share of these product groups relative to total imported vaccine inputs.

Of the 27 top manufacturers, 23 have at least 5 choke points.

In Kazakhstan, the average tariff for the product group "vaccine ingredients" is almost 29 per cent, and this product group accounts for nearly one quarter of imported vaccine inputs.

Among the different product groups, "vaccine ingredients" are the building blocks for vaccines and yet it is a tariff choke point for 17 manufacturing economies. On average, the lowest tariff is for "heat marker vaccine vial monitor", with the exception of Iran, which levies a tariff of 32 per cent (the highest average product group duty imposed by an individual economy).