Even before the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) provided additional clarity about China’s strategic intent,

Europe had experienced major influxes of Chinese finance, used to snap up everything from fading brands

to large-scale infrastructure assets. The EU and many European states have already expedited their plans to

strengthen or launch investment-screening processes.

Yet Europe is still in the early stages of determining the right balance of security, openness, and economic

resilience when it comes to China’s economic presence. Many investment-screening mechanisms are new or  untested. Debates over how far strategic infrastructure should be viewed through a military security prism

continue apace in NATO. China’s “dual circulation” plans for its domestic economy, which signal a more

radical approach to self-sufficiency for itself and dependency for others, are still in their embryonic phase, as

is European thinking about how to adjust policy in light of it.