What was the underlying dynamic for the Trump administration of the United States (U.S.) to launch the trade war with China from 2018? To answer this question, this introductory chapter will examine the following issues: (1) the U.S.-Japan trade war in the 1980s and 1990s, (2) how the U.S.-China trade war spilled over to such international arena as the World Trade Organization (WTO), (3) Trump’s apparent rationale to close the U.S. trade deficit, and (4) how the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposed the U.S. biotechnological under-capacity. I will argue that, beneath the U.S.-China trade war, the technology competition between the two powers is actually the more deep-seated structural source of their ongoing unsettling rivalry.