Human resources for health (HRH) is a key building block of health and aged care  systems and is subject to challenges and opportunities that require careful collaboration  among multiple sectors. It encompasses doctors, nurses, pharmacists, midwives,  dentists, allied health professionals, and community health workers. Demand for  health care workers (HCWs) is affected by large-scale trends in climate change,  urbanization, and epidemiological and demographic shifts. Supply is mediated by  a continuing shortage of HCWs as well as mismatches between the skill sets and  geographic distribution of HCWs, including issues related to labor migration. Care  delivery is changing through renewed pushes to decentralize health services, combined  with a recognition that new national and regional capabilities are needed to make health  systems more resilient to pandemics and other threats to health. The advent of the  Fourth Industrial Revolution—in which digital technologies are transforming health  and aged care—is changing the nature of care delivery. It holds the promise of enhanced  health promotion and disease prevention; empowered patients and providers,  particularly primary care practitioners; and improved coordination of care.