Conflict, insecurity and fragility are persistent across much of the Arab region. While some countries are suffering from years of protracted conflict and violence, others struggle with institutional and social fragility. Moreover, the region is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Recent years have seen more frequent and intense climate change impacts, which are expected to become more severe in the years to come, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and further straining already fragile systems.The Arab region faces the two challenges of climate change and conflict. On the one hand, persistent conflicts and fragility erode institutional capacity, hinder effective policy implementation, reduce economic opportunities and exacerbate social inequalities, and may intensify environmental degradation and constrain resources for climate action, thus amplifying vulnerability to climate impacts. On the other hand, climate impacts can affect known transmission channels of insecurity, such as loss of livelihoods and income, food insecurity, competition for resources and migration, which contribute to conflict risks, as illustrated in the figure.