International transfers (developed to developing countries; public and private contributions) of existing funding streams are steadily rising. In 2020, all flows were estimated at: climate finance (US$ 83.3 bn, of which US$ 29 bn for adaptation), overseas development assistance (US$ 172.32 bn, of which US$ 8 bn for disas￾ter risk reduction) and humanitarian assistance (US$ 32.7 bn) culminating in about US$ 277.2 bil￾lion. L&D costs are estimated to reach US$ 290580 billion per year by 2030; while Least Developed Countries call for a minimum floor of US$ 100 billion for the L&D fund in addition to existing funding streams. Existing funding streams contribute to minimising avoidable L&D as set out in activities under Article 8 of the Paris Climate Agreement. Accessibility to these funds is on the global finan￾cial reform agenda, along with howInternational Financial Institutions can contribute to funding arrangements for addressing L&D. So far, no con￾crete proposals are on the table. Coherency and complementarity of existing streams with the establishment of the new L&D fund can support improving accessibility and demonstrate replenishment needs. Two key yet much underdiscussed issues relate to identifying i) additional sources to finance L&D (e.g. innovative sources such as taxes, levies), and ii) what the fund will target, that is separate and additional to existing funding streams, especially since L&D taxonomies are still developing. For example, addressing permanent and irreversible climate change impacts and Non-Economic Loss and Damage as well as irreversible biodiversity loss are areas lacking dedicated funding.