This working paper is the result of a large team effort spanning several years of implementing the Asian Development Bank (ADB) technical assistance project Building Capacity for an Effective Social Welfare System, 2019–2023, led by Karin Schelzig, Principal Social Sector Specialist. In addition to the co-authors, consultant team leader Ludovico Carraro and deputy team leader Enkhtsetseg Byambaa, the technical team working on social welfare program assessments and policy briefs in Mongolia included Joanna Rogers, Maham Farhat, Salome Namitcheishvili, Svetlana Rijicova, Algaa Solongo, Amartuvshin Tserennadmid, Oyuntsetseg Dugarsuren, Tsogtsaikhan Bolormaa, and Tumennast Gelekhuu.