This report is an output of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO). CETO’s objective is to provide anevidence-based analysis feeding the policy making process and hence increasing the effectiveness of R&Ipolicies for clean energy technologies and solutions. It monitors EU research and innovation activities on cleanenergy technologies needed for the delivery of the European Green Deal; and assesses the competitiveness ofthe EU clean energy sector and its positioning in the global energy market. As such, CETO also constitutes theevidence-based analysis underpinning the Annual Progress Report on Competitiveness of Clean EnergyTechnologies (CPR) under the annual State of the Energy Union Report.