The past two decades provide many examples of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Outbreaks of SARS, swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have caused major social, political, and economic disruptions around the world. In light of these events, pandemic preparedness has proven to be critical to health, national, and economic security. Now, countries are investing billions of dollars in various pandemic preparedness tools, such as vaccines and broad-spectrum medical countermeasures (MCM), to address the threats arising from outbreaks. These tools not only offer protection against naturally occurring and accidental biological incidents but can also help provide some protection against deliberate biological attacks.