To address the sector’s contribution to climate change, the UN’s International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), member states and the global industry have collectively committed to achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. The additional climate impact from non-CO2 effects, such as contrail formation, also presents an important challenge. Reducing these impacts requires a broad mix of operational and policy tools alongside new technologies and fuels, including the potential for innovative technologies such as battery-electric and hydrogen propulsion.