This is a pivotal moment for the parental-choice movement in the United States. Over the last two years, seven states have enacted new universal education savings account (ESA) programs or have expanded existing programs to universal or near-universal eligibility. Parental-choice advocates, who have labored for decades to make incremental inroads toward achieving greater educational freedom for families, have every reason to celebrate. But advocates, reformers, and regulators must not lose sight of the fact that the hard, but essential, implementation efforts that follow enactment will determine whether these programs achieve their transformational potential.