Madagascar is a country rich in mineral resources while also being one of the world's foremost reserves of biodiversity, with more than 80% endemism.1 Like many developing countries, Madagascar has been seeking to develop its mining sector and attract foreign direct investment, which led to a renewed surge in industrial mining production at the turn of the 2000s.2 Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the mining sector is growing, accounting for 5% of Madagascar's GDP.3 Madagascar is home to 5% of the world's biodiversity—that is, more than 250,000 plant and animal species. To this must be added a difficult socio-political context marked by various crises since 2009. The issue, therefore, arises of reconciling large-scale mining with the imperatives of sustainable development, particularly including the protection of the environment and the social rights of the most vulnerable populations.