We are grateful to CGD colleagues Susannah Hares and Lee Crawfurd for their contributions to the overall findings and recommendations; to Maimouna Konate for excellent research assistance; and Givewell for their financial support of this work. We are grateful to the Steering Committee of the G7 Workshop on Lead and GIZ for their partnership and helpful guidance. We also thank the many experts, practitioners, and policymakers who contributed their views and experience to this paper; please see the preface for full acknowledgements. This is a product of the Center for Global Development; it does not necessarily represent the views of the G7 or the Steering Committee, nor does it represent a policy commitment by the G7 of any other party. All viewpoints, errors, and omissions are entirely our own.