With more than 270 million inhabitants (UN, 2022) and more than 17 500 islands (MOFARI, 2017), Indonesia is the fourth-most-populous country in the world and the largest economy in Southeast Asia (World Bank, n.d.). The country has enjoyed impressive growth over the years. Rapid economic growth has led to a reduction in poverty in recent decades and supported socio-economic development. As an archipelago nation, Indonesia is exceptionally vulnerable to climate change. This is in addition to the large environmental footprint of rapid growth, which in Indonesia is closely tied to natural resources, including the country’s energy resources, waters, land and forests. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as well as other external factors such as slowing global economic growth, and geopolitical shocks all increase short-term pressures on Indonesia in the midst of the larger, unfolding climate crisis.