The world faces a dual nature-climate crisis, which when combined with rising inequality, presents an existential risk to the well-being of humankind and places the prospects for future generations in jeopardy. Since the early 1990s, the stock of natural capital per person has declined by nearly 40 percent. We need the resources of 1.6 Earths to maintain humanity’s current way of life. Nature-based human development allows us to tackle the three central challenges of the Anthropocene: mitigating and adapting to climate change, protecting biodiversity and ecosystems, and ensuring just and equitable development for all. This decade is humanity’s last best chance to turn the tide on the loss and degradation of nature, and to secure the hope of achieving the 2030 Agenda.