The number of forcibly displaced people has more than doubled in the past decade, passing 100 million globally in 2022 (UNHCR, 2022). Those affected are increasingly displaced on a protracted basis, and typically live among host communities (rather than in designated camps), often for many years or even decades (UNHCR, 2021; OCHA, 2017). The shift in displacement situations has also required changes in the response approach, away from traditional ‘care and maintenance’ models of humanitarian assistance (based on providing immediate relief for emergency needs) towards more sustainable and development-oriented solutions, including greater engagement with and strengthening of national social protection systems as a potential crisis response mechanism (Gagnon and Rodrigues, 2020; Lowe et al., 2022).