Maintaining readiness and lethality of the U.S. armed forces requires attention to the health and health care needs of all who serve. Currently, women make up approximately 17 percent of the active-duty force. With the rescission in 2016 of the 1994 Direct Ground Combat Exclusion Rule, women became eligible to serve in every military occupation. Like their civilian women counterparts, service women face decisions regarding their reproductive health, including contraceptive use and timing of pregnancies (if desired). In the military context, service women’s reproductive health and fertility patterns may potentially affect physical capabilities, assignments, and ability to deploy. Women in the military should expect to receive the same high level of medical care and treatment that their male counterparts receive—care and treatment that are intended to support the health and readiness of the force.