This paper examines the labor market conditions in the health and social work industry in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The analysis indicates that while population aging and increased chronic disease burdens have greatly expanded the demand for health and elderly care services, the growth in employment in the health and social work industry has lagged behind other sectors. This limits the supply of high-quality health and elderly care services for the growing population with care needs. To understand the causes of this shortage of health and elderly care workers, the paper explores the labor market conditions in the sector. The analysis reveals that women constitute most of the health-care workforce in the PRC, and the elderly care workforce is predominately composed of older migrant women with a junior high school education or lower. Data further indicate that the working conditions of health and elderly care workers could improve. A majority of the medical staff sureyed for this study were dissatisfied with their ompensation, a third intended to leave their occupation, and a quarter had encountered verbal or physical abuse from patients over the past 6 months. Wages for elderly care workers were also low, and most of the elderly care institutions had difficulty genating sufficit revenue to cover operational costs. These results point to the need for a comprehensive strategy for care provision that aims to provide decent jobs for care workers while making quality care services accessible for all persons with care needs.