The first solid state integrated circuits were invented in the United States at Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas Instruments in 1958 (Fegan, 2020). In the following decades, U.S. companies developed increasingly dense microelectronic components and manufacturing processes capable of production at large scales with high yields. Millions of computer chips flowed off production lines ready to be inserted into electronic calculators, mainframe computers, and later the first personal computers (PCs). IBM was an early developer of integrated circuits for its mainframe computers, but it was Intel that introduced the low-cost, efficient PC microprocessor (“Intel at 50,” 2018). Intel and other U.S. companies, such as Fairchild Semiconductor, pioneered the production of memory components.