As the world transitions from fossil fuels to renewable energy, theglobal critical materials landscape will also be transformed. Concernsover security of supply of oil and gas and bottlenecks suchas the Straits of Hormuz and Russian natural gas pipelines arelikely to recede from attention, while new bottlenecks mayappear in the supply chains of scarce minerals and metalsessential for clean energy technologies. According to the InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA), reaching the 2
C goal of the ParisAgreement will require ‘‘a quadrupling of mineral requirementsfor clean energy technologies by 2040. An even faster transition,to reach net-zero globally by 2050, would require six times moremineral inputs in 2040 than today.’’1–3Along the same lines, theWorld Bank finds that if the number of EVs reaches 140 million in2030, this will lead to a 1,000% increase in total demand foraluminum, cobalt, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, and nickel.2